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brain computer interface
How to study this subject
A brain-computer interface uses electrophysiological signals to control
remote devices. Most current BCIs are not invasive. They consist of
electrodes applied to the scalp of an individual or worn in an electrode
cap such as the one shown in 1-1 (Left). These electrodes pick up the
brain’s electrical activity (at the microvolt level) and carry it into
amplifiers such as the ones shown in 1-1 (Right). These amplifiers
amplify the signal approximately ten thousand times and then pass the
signal via an analog to digital converter to a computer for processing.
The computer processes the EEG signal and uses it in order to accomplish
tasks such as communication and environmental control. BCIs are slow in
comparison with normal human actions, because of the complexity and
noisiness of the signals used, as well as the time necessary to complete
recognition and signal processing.
The phrase brain-computer interface (BCI) when taken literally means to interface an individual’s electrophysiological signals with a computer. A true BCI only uses signals from the brain and as such must treat eye and muscle movements as artifacts or noise. On the other hand, a system that uses eye, muscle, or other body potentials mixed with EEG signals, is a brain-body actuated system.
The BCI system uses oscillatory electroencephalogram (EEG) signals, recorded during specific mental activity, as input and provides a control option by its output. The obtained output signals are presently evaluated for different purposes, such as cursor control, selection of letters or words, or control of prosthesis. People who are paralyzed or have other severe movement disorders need alternative methods for communication and control. Currently available augmentative communication methods require some muscle control. Whether they use one muscle group to supply the function normally provided by another (e.g., use extraocular muscles to drive a speech synthesizer) .Thus, they may not be useful for those who are totally paralyzed (e.g., by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or brainstem stroke) or have other severe motor disabilities. These individuals need an alternative communication channel that does not depend on muscle control. The current and the most important application of a BCI is the restoration of communication channel for patients with locked-in-syndrome.
The phrase brain-computer interface (BCI) when taken literally means to interface an individual’s electrophysiological signals with a computer. A true BCI only uses signals from the brain and as such must treat eye and muscle movements as artifacts or noise. On the other hand, a system that uses eye, muscle, or other body potentials mixed with EEG signals, is a brain-body actuated system.
The BCI system uses oscillatory electroencephalogram (EEG) signals, recorded during specific mental activity, as input and provides a control option by its output. The obtained output signals are presently evaluated for different purposes, such as cursor control, selection of letters or words, or control of prosthesis. People who are paralyzed or have other severe movement disorders need alternative methods for communication and control. Currently available augmentative communication methods require some muscle control. Whether they use one muscle group to supply the function normally provided by another (e.g., use extraocular muscles to drive a speech synthesizer) .Thus, they may not be useful for those who are totally paralyzed (e.g., by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or brainstem stroke) or have other severe motor disabilities. These individuals need an alternative communication channel that does not depend on muscle control. The current and the most important application of a BCI is the restoration of communication channel for patients with locked-in-syndrome.
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