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State and prove parallel axis theorem
Elements of Civil Engineering and engineering mechanics
In physics, the parallel axis theorem, also known as Huygens–Steiner theorem, or just as Steiner's theorem, after Christiaan Huygens and Jakob Steiner, can be used to determine the mass moment of inertia or the second moment of area of a rigid body about any axis, given the body's moment of inertia about a parallel axis through the object's center of gravity and the perpendicular distance between the axes.
Derivation:
We may assume, without loss of generality, that in a Cartesian coordinate system the perpendicular distance between the axes lies along the x-axis and that the centre of mass lies at the origin. The moment of inertia relative to the z-axis is
The moment of inertia relative to the axis z′, which is a perpendicular distance d along the x-axis from the centre of mass, is
Expanding the brackets yields
The first term is Icm and the second term becomes md2. The integral in the final term is the x-coordinate of the centre of mass, which is zero by construction. So, the equation becomes:
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